Hard Bop /Cool Jazz / Fusion
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Cool Jazz
The late 1940s saw a new
style of jazz develop. This
was called “cool jazz.” The
term came from journalists
who perceived the music of
Mile Davis, the Modern
Jazz Quartet, Gerry
Mulligan and Lennie
Tristano to be understated
or subdued in feeling.
Drummers played softer and
less interactively than in
bop, hard bop and other
modern styles. Vibratos
were slow or nonexistent
and there was a trend
towards the use of
contrapuntal collective
improvisation among
melody instruments.
It should be remembered,
however, that the term “cool
jazz” includes a wide range
of music from light-hearted
music of saxophonist Dave
Pell to the intense music of
New York’s Lennie Tristano.
The late 1940s saw a new
style of jazz develop. This
was called “cool jazz.” The
term came from journalists
who perceived the music of
Mile Davis, the Modern
Jazz Quartet, Gerry
Mulligan and Lennie
Tristano to be understated
or subdued in feeling.
Drummers played softer and
less interactively than in
bop, hard bop and other
modern styles. Vibratos
were slow or nonexistent
and there was a trend
towards the use of
contrapuntal collective
improvisation among
melody instruments.
It should be remembered,
however, that the term “cool
jazz” includes a wide range
of music from light-hearted
music of saxophonist Dave
Pell to the intense music of
New York’s Lennie Tristano.
Hard Bop
Hard bop includes several
jazz styles which were
developed through the mid-
1950s and 1960s. Hard bop
evolved out of bepop
traditions but is
characterized by more
intense rhythmic drives as
well as an infusion of blues
and gospel influences.
The music they created
included a variety of
tempos, emotions, and
grooves. Most of the hard
bop musicians were black
and from eastern cities such
as Philadelphia, New York
and Detroit. This was in
contrast to the mostly white
musicians who were “cool”
players on the West Coast.
Hard bop includes several
jazz styles which were
developed through the mid-
1950s and 1960s. Hard bop
evolved out of bepop
traditions but is
characterized by more
intense rhythmic drives as
well as an infusion of blues
and gospel influences.
The music they created
included a variety of
tempos, emotions, and
grooves. Most of the hard
bop musicians were black
and from eastern cities such
as Philadelphia, New York
and Detroit. This was in
contrast to the mostly white
musicians who were “cool”
players on the West Coast.
A variant of cool jazz was called West Coast jazz and included mainly white jazz
musicians such as Gerry Mulligan, Dave Brubeck, Shorty Rogers, and others. Miles
Davis’ “Birth of the Cool” album helped invigorate the West Coast jazz scene of the
time. Lester Young was also important in the development of the light, airy music of
West Coast jazz.
musicians such as Gerry Mulligan, Dave Brubeck, Shorty Rogers, and others. Miles
Davis’ “Birth of the Cool” album helped invigorate the West Coast jazz scene of the
time. Lester Young was also important in the development of the light, airy music of
West Coast jazz.
Take Five, Dave Brubeck Quartet
Drummers like Max Roach and Art Blakely brought African rhythms into hard bop by
using drums as an integral part of this style. Blakely’s group was called the Jazz
Messengers and included future great musicians: Horace Silver, Wayne Shorter, Lee
Morgan, Freddie Hubbard, Hank Mobley, Cedar Walton, and Curtis Fuller. Another
variant of hard bop is called modal jazz developed by trumpeter Miles Davis, pianist
Bill Evans, and saxophonist John Coltrane.
There was a “post bop” period that included music with an avant garde style. For
example, Charles Mingus combined the blues and gospel styles with avant garde
improvisations by musicians such as alto saxophonist and bass clarinetist Eric
Dolphy. The impact of hard bop continues today with artists such as tenor
saxophonist Michael Brecker and alto saxophonist Donald Harrison.
using drums as an integral part of this style. Blakely’s group was called the Jazz
Messengers and included future great musicians: Horace Silver, Wayne Shorter, Lee
Morgan, Freddie Hubbard, Hank Mobley, Cedar Walton, and Curtis Fuller. Another
variant of hard bop is called modal jazz developed by trumpeter Miles Davis, pianist
Bill Evans, and saxophonist John Coltrane.
There was a “post bop” period that included music with an avant garde style. For
example, Charles Mingus combined the blues and gospel styles with avant garde
improvisations by musicians such as alto saxophonist and bass clarinetist Eric
Dolphy. The impact of hard bop continues today with artists such as tenor
saxophonist Michael Brecker and alto saxophonist Donald Harrison.
Moanin', Art Blakey & The Jazz Messengers
Afro-Caribbean Fusion
Qunicy Jones
Soul Bossa Nova
Soul Bossa Nova
Guarachi Guaro
Dizzie Gillespie Alumni Allstars
Dizzie Gillespie Alumni Allstars
Paul Whiteman and his band are considered
the first to fuse jazz elements into popular
music during the 1920s. Later artists in this
genre include Miles Davis, John Coltrane and
Gill Evans in the late 1950s and 1960s. Miles
Davis, in particular, was instrumental during
the 1960s in making jazz fusion known. He
recorded his Miles in the Sky album in 1968
with the song “Stuff.” His next two albums
(Silent Way and Bitches Brew) went even
further in making this style prominent and more
accepted.
The 1970s saw the growth of more fusion
bands such as Weather Report, Return to
Forever, Mahavishnu Orchestra, and the
Brecker Brothers. Fusion musicians eventually
included elements of other styles on a world-
wide plane such as Latin, African, Indian and
Caribbean influences. However, by the end of
the 1970s this genre began to decline in
influence and was somewhat replaced by “neo-
classic” and “contemporary” jazz.
the first to fuse jazz elements into popular
music during the 1920s. Later artists in this
genre include Miles Davis, John Coltrane and
Gill Evans in the late 1950s and 1960s. Miles
Davis, in particular, was instrumental during
the 1960s in making jazz fusion known. He
recorded his Miles in the Sky album in 1968
with the song “Stuff.” His next two albums
(Silent Way and Bitches Brew) went even
further in making this style prominent and more
accepted.
The 1970s saw the growth of more fusion
bands such as Weather Report, Return to
Forever, Mahavishnu Orchestra, and the
Brecker Brothers. Fusion musicians eventually
included elements of other styles on a world-
wide plane such as Latin, African, Indian and
Caribbean influences. However, by the end of
the 1970s this genre began to decline in
influence and was somewhat replaced by “neo-
classic” and “contemporary” jazz.
Another term used at this
time was “crossover” style
due to the tendency of
many musicians to change
from playing jazz to
popular music. This style
was also to be known as
jazz rock, contemporary
rock, or light jazz in the
1980s and 1990s. Some of
the best known stars
included saxophonist
Kenny G and the group
Spyro Gyra. Finally, two
other jazz rock styles of the
1990s were acid jazz and
free jazz which included
improvising with
background funk and hip-
hop rhythms.
time was “crossover” style
due to the tendency of
many musicians to change
from playing jazz to
popular music. This style
was also to be known as
jazz rock, contemporary
rock, or light jazz in the
1980s and 1990s. Some of
the best known stars
included saxophonist
Kenny G and the group
Spyro Gyra. Finally, two
other jazz rock styles of the
1990s were acid jazz and
free jazz which included
improvising with
background funk and hip-
hop rhythms.
Birdland
Weather Report
Weather Report
Jazz-Electronic Fusion
Jazz –rock is also referred to as
fusion and is a combination of
modern jazz improvisation,
drumming styles, bass lines, rock
music instrumentation, and
electronic instruments. Soul
music had a significant impact
throughout the development of
jazz fusion with its rhythmic and
harmonic aspects. More recent
soul influences have been from
musicians such as James Brown
and Sly Stone. Other aspects of
fusion jazz include funk
backbeats, loud volumes, rock
textures, electric instruments, and
complicated ensemble
compositions.
fusion and is a combination of
modern jazz improvisation,
drumming styles, bass lines, rock
music instrumentation, and
electronic instruments. Soul
music had a significant impact
throughout the development of
jazz fusion with its rhythmic and
harmonic aspects. More recent
soul influences have been from
musicians such as James Brown
and Sly Stone. Other aspects of
fusion jazz include funk
backbeats, loud volumes, rock
textures, electric instruments, and
complicated ensemble
compositions.
Miles Davis Goes Electric (video)
Chocolate Chip
Doo-Bop (1992)
Doo-Bop (1992)
Manteca, Dizzy Gillespie
Miles Runs The Voodoo Down
Bitches Brew (1969)
Bitches Brew (1969)